Exploring the Magnificent Jain Basadis of South Kanara

Jainism, an ancient Indian religion known for its emphasis on non-violence and spiritual enlightenment, found a stronghold in Karnataka and Western India during pivotal periods of history. From the 4th to the 14th century, various dynasties including the Gangas of Talakadu, Kadambas of Banavasi, Rashtrakutas, Hoysalas, Kalyani Chalukyas, and Vijayanagar Empire, patronized Jainism, leading to the establishment of numerous Jain Basadis (temples) across the region.

The pinnacle of Jainism's influence in Karnataka and South India came to fruition in the 10th century with the installation of the iconic Gomata-svami statue in Shravanabelgola by Chavundaraya. This marked a period of prolific Jain architectural and cultural expansion, resulting in the construction of Basadis and Jain settlements in various areas, particularly in South Kanara.

                                                     © Murali Abbemane

In South Kanara, towns like Moodabidri, Karakala, Kerevase, Varanga, Enuru, Barkuru, and Hattiyangadi emerged as primary hubs of Jainism, adorned with several exquisite Basadis. Notably, around 180 Basadis have been identified in the region by scholars like P. Gururaja Bhatt, showcasing the rich architectural heritage of Jainism.

The Basadis of South Kanara exhibit remarkable diversity in their planning and spatial distributions, categorized into three distinct types:

                                                     © Sharvani Bhat

1. Square Garbagriha with Circulation Corridor: These Basadis feature a square inner sanctum (garbagriha) with a vestibule (sukhanasi), central pillared hall (navaranga), and one or more mantapas. They boast grandeur, often characterized by Vijayanagar-style architecture, with sturdy granite structures and intricately carved pillars.

          Examples include the Hosa Basadi in Moodabidri and Neminatha Basadi in Varanga.

2. Rectangular Basadis without Circumambulatory Passage: Known as Tirtankara Basadis, these temples house rows of idols of Tirthankaras, often with subsidiary shrines dedicated to Padmavati and Sarada.

          Examples include: The Shanthinatha Basadi in Shravanbelagola

3. Square Garbagriha Erected Amidst a Lake: These unique Basadis stand in the center of lakes, accessible from all four sides, with images of Tirthankaras adorning each face.

          Examples include the Kere Basadi in Varanga and Chaturmukha Basadi in Karkala.

One of the most significant Basadis in South Kanara is the Tribhuvana Chudamani Basadi, also known as the Savira Khamba Basadi, constructed in 1431 AD. This architectural marvel showcases a blend of rectangular and square elements, housing a majestic idol of Chandranath Swami.

Further, let us compare the 4 major Basadis in the Southern region, to understand the differences in Spatial Planning through the floor plans:

                                                     © Sharvani Bhat

Kere Basadi/ Chaturmukha Basadi (12th Century | Varanga)

• This Basadi features a square layout for the main sanctum (Gudi), surrounded by a colonnade circulation corridor constructed in a corbeled manner, with water bodies enveloping the structure.

• It enshrines revered Jain deities including Tirthankara Varadamana, Chandranatha, and Mallinatha Swami.

• While the earliest images of Kere Basadis date back to the 14th century, an epigraph from the 12th century strengthens the belief that the shrine was erected around the same period.

Neminatha Basadi (12th Century | Varanaga)

• This Basadi comprises a primary garbhagriha enclosed within a solid rectangular wall enclosure, surrounded by a columned corridor and a mantapa immediately after the main entrance.

• Constructed in the year 1329 AD, it also boasts a towering 54-feet manasthambha installed in front of the Basadi.

Shanthinatha Basadi (12-13th Century | Shravanbelagola)

• Situated in Jinanathapura near Shravanabelagola, this Basadi, likely built towards the end of the 12th century or early 13th century, stands as a testament to the architectural glory of the region.

• Unique for being the only Jain structure built in the ornate Hoysala style, it bears resemblance to the temples at Belur, Halebid, and Somanthapura. While the exterior boasts intricate ornamentation, the interiors are comparatively simpler.

Chandranatha Swami Basadi (16th Century | Vitla)

• Undergoing renovations over the years, the original construction materials and design of this Basadi may have been altered.

• Archaeologist Prof. Murugeshi of Udupi suggests the construction to date back to the 16th century, based on the carvings on the stone columns within the Basadi.

Each Basadi in South Kanara tells a story of devotion, craftsmanship, and cultural richness. From the intricate carvings of the pillars to the serene sanctuaries nestled amidst lakes, these temples stand as testaments to Jainism's enduring legacy in Karnataka's architectural landscape.